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Конфликтология / nota bene
Правильная ссылка на статью:

Ди Грегорио А. Кризис верховенства закона в новых государствах-членах ЕС

Аннотация: В статье рассмотрена одна из наиболее злободневных тем конституционных дебатов в Европе, а именно, - отступления от демократических норм в конституциях некоторых новых государств-членов Европейского союза. Эта проблема недостаточно детально изучена как в российской политической науке, так и в российских правовых доктринах. Несмотря на то, что этому вопросу посвящено много различных работ в западной литературе, общий анализ политических и конституционных причин этого заметного регресса отсутствует. Автор использует кросс-культурный метод изучения законодательства, включающий в себя исторический подход с многочисленными политическими коннотациями. Инновационные особенности этой статьи включают характеристику особенностей перехода к демократии в Центральной и Восточной Европе. Рассмотрены механизмы обеспечения правопорядка в странах Европейского союза и причины их недостаточной эффективности, показана причина этой неэффективности, состоящая в незрелости системы демократических институций. Свою роль в этом играют также эмбриональное состояние политической культуры и недостаточно четкие конституционные рамки новых государств-членов ЕС, в том числе, некоторые недостатки в их конституционной инженерии.


Ключевые слова:

Конституционные дебаты, Волсточная Европа, Европейский Союз, правовые доктрины, демократические нормы, политическая культура, обеспечение правопорядка, демократические институции, конституционные рамки, конституционная инженерия

Abstract: This work analyses one of the hot topics of the constitutional debate in Europe, - the democratic backslidings in some new EU members States. This is a problem not fully studied by Russian political science and legal doctrine. Although many works of Western research have been devoted to this subject, a general analysis of the political and constitutional causes of this regression is lacking. The author employs a cross-cultural method of legal research that includes a historical approach with multiple political connotations. The innovative features of the article include an outline of the characteristics of the transition to democracy in the Central and Eastern Europe. The author examines European Union's ‘rule of law’ enforcement mechanisms and the reasons for their inefficiency, the major reason for this being the immature system of democratic transition in Central and Eastern Europe. Another significant reason for this is the fetal stage of political culture and vague constitutional framework of new EU members, as well as flaws in their constitutional engineering.

Keywords:

Constitutional debate, Eastern Europe, European Union, legal doctrines, democratic norms, political culture, law enforcement, democratic institutions, constitutional framework, constitutional engineering


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Библиография
1. Venice Commission. Report on the rule of law, 25-26 March 2011. URL: www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2011)003rev-e;
2. Krygier M. Rule of Law // M. Rosenfeld, A. Sajo (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 2015. PP. 233-249
3. Adams M. A., Meuwese E., Ballin H. (eds.). Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Bridging Idealism and Realism. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
4. Bogdandy A., Sonnevend P. (eds.). Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area. Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. 2015.
5. Perju V. The Romanian double executive and the 2012 constitutional crisis // International Journal of Constitutional Law. 2015. Vol. 13. № 1.
6. Di Gregorio A. Lo stato di salute della rule of law in Europa: c’è un regresso generalizzato nei nuovi Stati membri dell’Unione? // DPCE on-line. 2016. №4. PP. 173-202.
7. Kochenov D., Pech L. Monitoring and Enforcement of the Rule of Law in the EU: Rethoric and Reality // European Constitutional Law Review. 2015. Vol. 11, Issue 3. PP. 512-540.
8. Costa P., Zolo D. (eds.). Rule of Law: History, Theory and Criticism. Netherlands, Springer, 2007;
9. Pech L. The Rule of Law as a Constitutional Principle of the European Union // Jean Monnet Working Paper. 04/09.
10. Sellers M., Tomaszewski T. (eds.). The Rule of Law in Comparative Perspective. Netherlands, Springer, 2010.
11. Venice Commission. Rule of Law Checklist CDL-AD(2016)007, 18 March 2016. URL: www.biicl.org/documents/897_vc_rol_checklist_-_cdl-ad2016007-.pdf?showdocument=1;
12. ODHIR and the Rule of Law. URL: www.osce.org/odihr/103448?download=true.
13. Massias J.P. Droit constitutionnel des Etats d’Europe de l’Est. Paris, Puf, 2008;
14. Di Gregorio A. Epurazioni e protezione della democrazia. Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2012.
15. Szente Z. Challenging the basic values-problems in the Rule of Law in Hungary and the failure of the European Union to tackle them // Jakab A., Kochenov D. (eds.). The Enforcement of EU Law and Values. Ensuring Member States’ Compliance. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017.
16. Hoffmeister F. Enforcing the EU Charter in Member States // Bogdandy A., P. Sonnevend P. (eds.). Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area. Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. 2015. P. 231.
17. Nergelius J. The Role of the Venice Commission in Maintaining the Rule of Law in Hungary and in Romania // Bogdandy A., P. Sonnevend P. (eds.). Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area. Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. 2015. PP. 307-308.
18. Opinion on the compatibility with Constitutional principles and the Rule of Law of actions taken by the Government and the Parliament of Romania in respect of other State institutions and on the Government emergency ordinance on amendment to the Law N° 47/1992 regarding the organisation and functioning of the Constitutional Court and on the Government emergency ordinance on amending and completing the Law N° 3/2000 regarding the organisation of a referendum of Romania. Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 93rd Plenary Session (Venice, 14-15 December 2012). URL: www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2012)026-e.
19. Di Gregorio A. La giustizia costituzionale in Russia. Milano, Giuffré, 2004.
20. Holmes S. Back to the Drawing Board // East European Constitutional Review. 1992. Vol. 2. № 1. P. 22.
21. Klingsberg E. Safeguarding the Transition // East European Constitutional Review. 1993. Vol. 2, № 2. P. 44.
22. Hoffmeister V.F. Enforcing the EU Charter in Member States // Bogdandy A., Sonnevend P. (eds.). Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area. Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. 2015. P 231.
23. Sólyom L. The Rise and Decline of Constitutional Culture in Hungary // Bogdandy A., Sonnevend P. (eds.). Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area. Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. 2015.
References
1. Venice Commission. Report on the rule of law, 25-26 March 2011. URL: www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2011)003rev-e;
2. Krygier M. Rule of Law // M. Rosenfeld, A. Sajo (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 2015. PP. 233-249
3. Adams M. A., Meuwese E., Ballin H. (eds.). Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Bridging Idealism and Realism. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
4. Bogdandy A., Sonnevend P. (eds.). Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area. Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. 2015.
5. Perju V. The Romanian double executive and the 2012 constitutional crisis // International Journal of Constitutional Law. 2015. Vol. 13. № 1.
6. Di Gregorio A. Lo stato di salute della rule of law in Europa: c’è un regresso generalizzato nei nuovi Stati membri dell’Unione? // DPCE on-line. 2016. №4. PP. 173-202.
7. Kochenov D., Pech L. Monitoring and Enforcement of the Rule of Law in the EU: Rethoric and Reality // European Constitutional Law Review. 2015. Vol. 11, Issue 3. PP. 512-540.
8. Costa P., Zolo D. (eds.). Rule of Law: History, Theory and Criticism. Netherlands, Springer, 2007;
9. Pech L. The Rule of Law as a Constitutional Principle of the European Union // Jean Monnet Working Paper. 04/09.
10. Sellers M., Tomaszewski T. (eds.). The Rule of Law in Comparative Perspective. Netherlands, Springer, 2010.
11. Venice Commission. Rule of Law Checklist CDL-AD(2016)007, 18 March 2016. URL: www.biicl.org/documents/897_vc_rol_checklist_-_cdl-ad2016007-.pdf?showdocument=1;
12. ODHIR and the Rule of Law. URL: www.osce.org/odihr/103448?download=true.
13. Massias J.P. Droit constitutionnel des Etats d’Europe de l’Est. Paris, Puf, 2008;
14. Di Gregorio A. Epurazioni e protezione della democrazia. Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2012.
15. Szente Z. Challenging the basic values-problems in the Rule of Law in Hungary and the failure of the European Union to tackle them // Jakab A., Kochenov D. (eds.). The Enforcement of EU Law and Values. Ensuring Member States’ Compliance. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017.
16. Hoffmeister F. Enforcing the EU Charter in Member States // Bogdandy A., P. Sonnevend P. (eds.). Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area. Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. 2015. P. 231.
17. Nergelius J. The Role of the Venice Commission in Maintaining the Rule of Law in Hungary and in Romania // Bogdandy A., P. Sonnevend P. (eds.). Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area. Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. 2015. PP. 307-308.
18. Opinion on the compatibility with Constitutional principles and the Rule of Law of actions taken by the Government and the Parliament of Romania in respect of other State institutions and on the Government emergency ordinance on amendment to the Law N° 47/1992 regarding the organisation and functioning of the Constitutional Court and on the Government emergency ordinance on amending and completing the Law N° 3/2000 regarding the organisation of a referendum of Romania. Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 93rd Plenary Session (Venice, 14-15 December 2012). URL: www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2012)026-e.
19. Di Gregorio A. La giustizia costituzionale in Russia. Milano, Giuffré, 2004.
20. Holmes S. Back to the Drawing Board // East European Constitutional Review. 1992. Vol. 2. № 1. P. 22.
21. Klingsberg E. Safeguarding the Transition // East European Constitutional Review. 1993. Vol. 2, № 2. P. 44.
22. Hoffmeister V.F. Enforcing the EU Charter in Member States // Bogdandy A., Sonnevend P. (eds.). Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area. Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. 2015. P 231.
23. Sólyom L. The Rise and Decline of Constitutional Culture in Hungary // Bogdandy A., Sonnevend P. (eds.). Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area. Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. 2015.
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