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SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Правильная ссылка на статью:

Borisova A.S. Right to “religious feelings”: legal aspects of protection of believers

Аннотация: The subject of this research is the competitive analysis of the approaches of the European Court of Human Rights, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), and Venice Commission towards the notion of “religious feelings” and the necessary level of its protection by the government. A special attention is given to the essence of the concept of religious feelings and whether or not it is possible to give a legal definition to this notion, which is the reason for an assessment of the comparability between Article 148 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on insulting the religious feelings of believers, with the European standards in the area od requirements for legal certainty. The main conclusion is that it is impossible to set a normative definition for “religious feelings”. The author justifies the need for a clear delineation of incitement of hate and intolerance by difference of religion, and insulting the feelings of believers, including blasphemy and sacrilege, as well as the reasonableness of decriminalization of “insult of religious feelings of believers”.

Ключевые слова:

religion, freedom of conscience, freedom of speech, blasphemy, religious feelings, European Court, Venice Commission, criminal responsibility, legal certainty, decriminalization

Abstract: The subject of this research is the competitive analysis of the approaches of the European Court of Human Rights, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), and Venice Commission towards the notion of “religious feelings” and the necessary level of its protection by the government. A special attention is given to the essence of the concept of religious feelings and whether or not it is possible to give a legal definition to this notion, which is the reason for an assessment of the comparability between Article 148 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on insulting the religious feelings of believers, with the European standards in the area od requirements for legal certainty. The main conclusion is that it is impossible to set a normative definition for “religious feelings”. The author justifies the need for a clear delineation of incitement of hate and intolerance by difference of religion, and insulting the feelings of believers, including blasphemy and sacrilege, as well as the reasonableness of decriminalization of “insult of religious feelings of believers”.

Keywords:

criminal responsibility, Venice Commission, European Court, insult of religious feelings, blasphemy, freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, religion, decriminalization, legal certainty


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Библиография
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References
1. Sud nad Sokratom: Sbornik istoricheskikh svidetel'stv / Sost. A. V. Kurgatnikov. SPb. : Aleteyya, 1997
2. Tolkovyy slovar' russkogo yazyka / Pod red. D.N. Ushakova. M.: Gos. in-t «Sov. entsikl.»; OGIZ; Gos. izd-vo inostr. i nats. slov., 1935-1940
3. Bol'shoy yuridicheskiy slovar' / Pod red. A. Ya. Sukhareva. 3-e izd., dop. i pererab. M.: INFRA-M, 2007
4. Slovar' russkikh sinonimov i skhodnykh po smyslu vyrazheniy / Pod. red. N. Abramova. M.: Russkie slovari, 1999
5. Entsiklopediya Brokgauza i Efrona. S.-Pb.: Brokgauz-Efron, 1890—1907
6. Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006. PART 3A. URL: http://WWW.LEGISLATION.GOV.UK/UKPGA/2006/1/SCHEDULE (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
7. Defamation Act 2009. Art .36. URL: http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2009/en/act/pub/0031/sec0036.html (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
8. Codice Penale. Art. 724. URL: http://www.brocardi.it/codice-penale/libro-terzo/titolo-i/capo-ii/sezione-i/art724.html (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
9. The Venice Commission. Analysis of the Domestic Law concerning Blasphemy, Religious Insults and Inciting Religious Hatred in Albania, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Turkey, United Kingdom. CDL(2008)090add2-e. URL: http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL(2008)090add2-e (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
10. The Venice Commission. Report on the relationship between Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion: the issue of regulation and prosecution of Blasphemy, Religious Insult and Incitement to Religious Hatred. CDL-AD(2008)026-e. 76th Plenary Session (Venice, 17-18 October 2008). URL: http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-STD(2010)047-e (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
11. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. Recommendation 1805 (2007). Blasphemy, religious insults and hate speech against persons on grounds of their religion. URL: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=17569&lang=en (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
12. Explanatory memorandum by John Dupraz. Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men. § 10. URL: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=11609&lang=en (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
13. ECtHR. Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria. No 13470/87. Judgment of 20 September 1994
14. ECtHR. İ. A. v. Turkey. No 42571/98. Judgment of 13 September 2005
15. ECtHR. Wingrove v. the United Kingdom. No 17419/90. Judgment of 25 November 1996
16. ECtHR. Lingens v. Austria. No 9815/82. Judgment of 8 July 1986
17. ECtHR. Handyside v. the United Kingdom. No 5493/72. Judgment of 7 December 1976
18. ECtHR. Jersild v. Denmark. No 15890/89. Judgment of 23 September 1994
19. ECtHR. Müller and Others v. Switzerland. No 10737/84. Judgment of 24 May 1988
20. ECtHR. Prager and Oberschlick v. Austria. No 15974/90. Judgment of 26 April 1995
21. Indeks zapreshchennykh knig. Sayt Universiteta Fordkhem. URL: http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indexlibrorum.asp (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
22. Muslim lawyer sues over Inter's 'Crusaders' kit. URL: http://www.footballshirtculture.com/Fans/muslim-lawyer-sues-over-inter-milan-crusaders-kit.html (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
23. Select Committee on Religious Offences in England and Wales. Written Evidence. Submission from the Buddhist Society. URL: http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld200203/ldselect/ldrelof/95/95w09.htm (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
24. Sergazina K. Zashchita chuvstv veruyushchikh v Rossii: ot «Pussy Riot» do «Tangeyzera»: doklad na kruglom stole «Svetskost' gosudarstva i realizatsiya prav veruyushchikh» v Sankt-Peterburgskom khristianskom universitete, 20 aprelya 2015. URL: http://www.religiopolis.org/documents/8982-zashchita-chuvstv-veruyushchikh-v-rossii-ot-pussyriot-do-tangejzera-doklad-k-sergazinoj-k-s-svetskost-gosudarstva-i-realizatsiya-prav-veruyushchikh-20-04-2015-spb.html (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
25. Bolotin I. Pravoslavnogo ezhika udalyayut iz repertuara // Nezavisimaya gazeta, 31.03.2015. http://www.ng.ru/regions/2015-03-31/5_novosibirsk.html (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
26. Gamzaeva S. Neoskorblyaemye chuvstva veruyushchikh. Rossiyane teper' mogut molit'sya na zadnyuyu stenku ayfona // Nezavisimaya gazeta,17.04.15. http://www.ng.ru/columnist/2015-04-17/6_feelings.html (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
27. Pudovochkin Yu. Zakon o zashchite chuvstv veruyushchikh s tochki zreniya yurista // Neskuchnyy Sad, 20.06.13. URL: http://www.nsad.ru/articles/zakon-o-zashhite-chuvstv-veruyushhih-s-tochki-zreniya-ateista (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
28. Zakon ob ugolovnoy otvetstvennosti za oskorblenie religioznykh chuvstv veruyushchikh. Kommentariy Yuridicheskoy sluzhby Moskovskoy Patriarkhii. URL: http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/3093568.html (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015)
29. Obshchestvennaya Rossiyskaya Initsiativa. Vnesti izmeneniya v stat'yu 148 «Narushenie prava na svobodu sovesti i veroispovedaniy» Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossiyskoy Federatsii. URL: https://www.roi.ru/18194?login=esia (data obrashcheniya:29.05.2015
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